The sensory innervation of bladder is complex with at least eight classes identified. There is a large gap in our knowledge of the effects of endocannabinoids and synthetic agonists on different classes of bladder sensory neurons. Future studies are needed to reveal the action of selective cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists and/or peripherally restricted synthetic cannabinoid receptor 1 agonists on bladder sensory neurons in animal models of bladder diseases. There is significant potential for these novel therapeutics which are devoid of central nervous system psychotropic actions, and which may avoid many of the side effects of current treatments for overactive bladder and painful bladder syndromes.It is clear that COVID-19 is more than a pneumonia and is associated with a coagulopathy and multi-organ failure. While the use of anti-coagulants does reduce the incidence of pulmonary emboli, it does not help with survival. This suggests that the coagulopathy is more likely to be platelet-driven rather than thrombin-driven. There is significant evidence to suggest that SARS-CoV-2 virions directly interact with platelets to trigger activation leading to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. I propose a model of multiple interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and platelets that has many similarities to that with Staphylococcus aureus and Dengue virus. As platelet activation and thrombosis are major factors in poor prognosis, therapeutics that target the platelet-SARS-CoV-2 interaction have potential in treating COVID-19 and other virus infections.Excessive alcohol intake is a direct cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). ALD usually manifests as fatty liver in the initial stage and then develops into alcoholic hepatitis (ASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. Severe alcoholism induces extensive hepatocyte death, liver failure, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there are few effective clinical means to treat ALD, except for abstinence. Natural compounds are a class of compounds extracted from herbs with an explicit chemical structure. Several natural compounds, such as silymarin, quercetin, hesperidin, and berberine, have been shown to have curative effects on ALD without side effects. In this review, we pay particular attention to natural compounds and developing clinical drugs based on natural compounds for ALD, with the aim of providing a potential treatment for ALD.Purpose The drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of tacrolimus greatly contributed to pharmacokinetic variability. Nifedipine, frequently prescribed for hypertension, is a competitive CYP3A5 inhibitor which can inhibit tacrolimus metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate whether CYP3A5 genotype could influence tacrolimus-nifedipine DDI in Chinese renal transplant patients. Method All renal transplant patients were divided into CYP3A5*3/*3 homozygotes (group I) and CYP3A5*1 allele carriers (CYP3A5*1/*1 + CYP3A5*1/*3) (group II). Each group was subdivided into patients taking tacrolimus co-administered with nifedipine (CONF) and that administrated with tacrolimus alone (Controls). Tacrolimus trough concentrations (C0) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sndx-5613.html A retrospective analysis compared tacrolimus dose (D)-corrected trough concentrations (C0) (C0/D) between CONF and Controls in group I and II, respectively. At the same time, a multivariate line regression analysis was made to evaluate the effect of variates on C0/D. Results In this study, a significant DDI between tacrolimus and nifedipine with respect to the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism was confirmed. In group I (n = 43), the C0/D of CONF was significantly higher than in Controls [225.2 ± 66.3 vs. 155.1 ± 34.6 ng/ml/(mg/kg); p = 0.002]. However, this difference was not detected in group II (n = 27) (p = 0.216). The co-administrated nifedipine and CYP3A5*3/*3 homozygotes significantly increased tacrolimus concentrations in multivariate line regression analysis. Discussion A CYP3A5 genotype-dependent DDI was found between tacrolimus and nifedipine. Therefore, personalized therapy accounting for CYP3A5 genotype detection as well as therapeutic drug monitoring are necessary for renal transplant patients when treating with tacrolimus and nifedipine.Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, characterized by chronic and progressive fibrosis subverting the lung's architecture, pulmonary functional decline, progressive respiratory failure, and high mortality (median survival 3 years after diagnosis). Among the mechanisms associated with disease onset and progression, it has been hypothesized that IPF lungs might be affected either by a regenerative deficit of the alveolar epithelium or by a dysregulation of repair mechanisms in response to alveolar and vascular damage. This latter might be related to the progressive dysfunction and exhaustion of the resident stem cells together with a process of cellular and tissue senescence. The role of endogenous mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) resident in the lung in the homeostasis of these mechanisms is still a matter of debate. Although endogenous MSCs may play a critical role in lung repair, they are also involved in cellular senescence and tissue ageing processes with loss of lung regenerative potential. In addition, MSCs have immunomodulatory properties and can secrete anti-fibrotic factors. Thus, MSCs obtained from other sources administered systemically or directly into the lung have been investigated for lung epithelial repair and have been explored as a potential therapy for the treatment of lung diseases including IPF. Given these multiple potential roles of MSCs, this review aims both at elucidating the role of resident lung MSCs in IPF pathogenesis and the role of administered MSCs from other sources for potential IPF therapies.Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, and the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to treat this disease has attracted increasing attention. The Qing Gan San (QGS) formula comprises Polygonatum sibiricum, the peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco, the leaves of Morus alba L, Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, and Cirsium setosum. The present study aimed to uncover the anti-hyperlipidaemic effects, hepatic fat accumulation-lowering effects and mechanisms of QGS in high-fat diet-induced MAFLD rats. QGS significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in both serum and liver tissue and partially protected hepatic function. Additionally, QGS significantly ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation with histopathology observation, as demonstrated by H&amp;E and oil red O staining. RNA sequencing was used to further investigate the key genes involved in the development and treatment of MAFLD. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the gene expression profiles in rats with MAFLD were reversed to normal after QGS treatment.